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Crucible steel is steel made by melting pig iron, cast iron, iron, and sometimes steel, often along with sand, glass, ashes, and other fluxes, in a crucible. Crucible steel was first developed in the middle of the 1st millennium BCE in Southern India and Sri Lanka using the wootz process. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Cementation crucibles, therefore, have a lid or cap which limits the amount of gas loss from the crucible. The crucible design is similar to the smelting and melting crucibles of the period utilizing the same material as the smelting and melting crucibles. The conical shape and smallmouth allowed the lid to be added.
Crucible Industries, commonly known as Crucible, is an American company which develops and manufactures specialty steels, and is the sole producer of a line of sintered steels known as Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) steels.
Small hand-held ladles might also be crucibles that are fitted with carrying devices. However, in most foundries, the foundry ladle refers to a steel vessel that has a lifting bail fitted so that the vessel can be carried by an overhead crane or monorail system and is also fitted with a mechanical means for rotating the vessel, usually in the ...
The crucibles resembled small china plant pots and were sold in nests like Russian dolls, exported as far as Australia and to other burgeoning tin mining economies. For this reason, Calenick House was once an important part of Cornwall's Tin Mining industry for both smelting and the manufacture of Calenick Crucibles .
The crucibles were made by firing kaolinitic clay at temperatures greater than 1100°C, forming mullite. Mullite is an aluminum silicate only described in the 20th century and is responsible for the excellent properties of the Hessian crucible. [1] [2] Main production centre of the Hessian crucibles was the village of Großalmerode.
Perhaps as early as 300 BCE—although certainly by 200 CE—high quality steel was being produced in southern India by what Europeans would later call the crucible technique. [54] In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon. [54]
[5] [6] Ice core studies in Bolivia suggest copper smelting may have begun as early as 700 BC, over 2700 years ago. [7] By 1410–1090 BC, gilding was practiced in coastal Peru. [ 8 ] Further evidence for this type of metal work comes from the sites at Waywaka (near Andahuaylas in southern Peru), Chavín and Kotosh , [ 9 ] and it seems to have ...
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