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2. Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

   This YAG phosphor causes white LEDs to appear yellow when off, and the space between the crystals allow some blue light to pass through in LEDs with partial phosphor conversion. Alternatively, white LEDs may use other phosphors like manganese(IV)-doped potassium fluorosilicate (PFS) or other engineered phosphors. PFS assists in red light ...

3. Light-emitting diode physics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode_physics

   A LED is a long-lived light source, but certain mechanisms can cause slow loss of efficiency of the device or sudden failure. The wavelength of the light emitted is a function of the band gap of the semiconductor material used; materials such as gallium arsenide , and others , with various trace doping elements , are used to produce different ...

4. LED lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_lamp

   A 230-volt LED filament lamp, with an E27 base. The filaments are visible as the eight yellow vertical lines. An assortment of LED lamps commercially available in 2010: floodlight fixtures (left), reading light (center), household lamps (center right and bottom), and low-power accent light (right) applications An 80W Chips on board (COB) LED module from an industrial light luminaire, thermally ...

5. LED circuit - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_circuit

   is the LED's forward voltage drop in volts when lit. and the LED's light frequency (which we perceive as color) increase with the band gap of the LED's materials. Consequently, ranges from around 1.7 to 2.0 volts for red LEDs to around 2.8 to 4.0 volts for violet LEDs.

6. Indium gallium nitride - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_gallium_nitride

   InGaN blue LED (380–405 nm) Spectrum of a white-light LED where GaN or InGaN blue source pumps Ce:YAG phosphor. Indium gallium nitride (InGaN, In x Ga 1−x N) is a semiconductor material made of a mix of gallium nitride (GaN) and indium nitride (InN). It is a ternary group III/group V direct bandgap semiconductor.

7. Luminous efficacy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacy

   Luminous efficacy can be normalized by the maximum possible luminous efficacy to a dimensionless quantity called luminous efficiency.The distinction between efficacy and efficiency is not always carefully maintained in published sources, so it is not uncommon to see "efficiencies" expressed in lumens per watt, or "efficacies" expressed as a percentage.