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  2. Effective atomic number (compounds and mixtures) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_atomic_number...

    is the fraction of the total number of electrons associated with each element, and Z n {\displaystyle Z_{n}} is the atomic number of each element. An example is that of water (H 2 O), made up of two hydrogen atoms (Z=1) and one oxygen atom (Z=8), the total number of electrons is 1+1+8 = 10, so the fraction of electrons for the two hydrogens is ...

  3. Component (thermodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_(thermodynamics)

    The number of components represents the minimum number of independent chemical species necessary to define the composition of all phases of the system. [2] Calculating the number of components in a system is necessary when applying Gibbs' phase rule in determination of the number of degrees of freedom of a system.

  4. Metal ions in aqueous solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution

    A metal ion in aqueous solution or aqua ion is a cation, dissolved in water, of chemical formula [M(H 2 O) n] z+.The solvation number, n, determined by a variety of experimental methods is 4 for Li + and Be 2+ and 6 for most elements in periods 3 and 4 of the periodic table.

  5. Base (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)

    There are a limited number of elements that have atoms with the ability to provide a molecule with basic properties. [7] Carbon can act as a base as well as nitrogen and oxygen. Fluorine and sometimes rare gases possess this ability as well. [7] This occurs typically in compounds such as butyl lithium, alkoxides, and metal amides such as sodium ...

  6. Electron configuration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration

    The electron-shell configuration of elements beyond hassium has not yet been empirically verified, but they are expected to follow Madelung's rule without exceptions until element 120. Element 121 should have the anomalous configuration [ Og ] 8s 2 5g 0 6f 0 7d 0 8p 1 , having a p rather than a g electron.

  7. Lewis acids and bases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases

    A Lewis base is often a Brønsted–Lowry base as it can donate a pair of electrons to H +; [11] the proton is a Lewis acid as it can accept a pair of electrons. The conjugate base of a Brønsted–Lowry acid is also a Lewis base as loss of H + from the acid leaves those electrons which were used for the A—H bond as a lone pair on the ...

  8. Coordination number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_number

    In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science, the coordination number, also called ligancy, of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it. The ion/molecule/atom surrounding the central ion/molecule/atom is called a ligand. This number is determined somewhat differently for molecules ...

  9. Acid dissociation constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant

    In solution chemistry, it is common to use H + as an abbreviation for the solvated hydrogen ion, regardless of the solvent. In aqueous solution H + denotes a solvated hydronium ion rather than a proton. [9] [10] The designation of an acid or base as "conjugate" depends on the context. The conjugate acid BH + of a base B dissociates according to

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