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S, D stand for real floating-point arithmetic respectively in single and double precision, while C and Z stand for complex arithmetic with respectively single and double precision. The newer version, LAPACK95, uses generic subroutines in order to overcome the need to explicitly specify the data type.
For example, two half-precision or bfloat16 (16-bit) floating-point numbers may be multiplied together to result in a more accurate single-precision (32-bit) float. [1] In this way, mixed-precision arithmetic approximates arbitrary-precision arithmetic , albeit with a low number of possible precisions.
Single precision is termed REAL in Fortran; [1] SINGLE-FLOAT in Common Lisp; [2] float in C, C++, C# and Java; [3] Float in Haskell [4] and Swift; [5] and Single in Object Pascal , Visual Basic, and MATLAB. However, float in Python, Ruby, PHP, and OCaml and single in versions of Octave before 3.2 refer to double-precision numbers.
Of these, octuple-precision format is rarely used. The single- and double-precision formats are most widely used and supported on nearly all platforms. The use of half-precision format has been increasing especially in the field of machine learning since many machine learning algorithms are inherently error-tolerant.
The IEEE standard stores the sign, exponent, and significand in separate fields of a floating point word, each of which has a fixed width (number of bits). The two most commonly used levels of precision for floating-point numbers are single precision and double precision.
^b declarations of single precision often are not honored ^c The value of n is provided by the SELECTED_REAL_KIND [8] intrinsic function. ^d ALGOL 68G's runtime option --precision "number" can set precision for long long reals to the required "number" significant digits.
These include: as noted above, computing all expressions and intermediate results in the highest precision supported in hardware (a common rule of thumb is to carry twice the precision of the desired result, i.e. compute in double precision for a final single-precision result, or in double extended or quad precision for up to double-precision ...
This alternative definition is significantly more widespread: machine epsilon is the difference between 1 and the next larger floating point number.This definition is used in language constants in Ada, C, C++, Fortran, MATLAB, Mathematica, Octave, Pascal, Python and Rust etc., and defined in textbooks like «Numerical Recipes» by Press et al.