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The identities of logarithms can be used to approximate large numbers. Note that log b (a) + log b (c) = log b (ac), where a, b, and c are arbitrary constants. Suppose that one wants to approximate the 44th Mersenne prime, 2 32,582,657 −1. To get the base-10 logarithm, we would multiply 32,582,657 by log 10 (2), getting 9,808,357.09543 ...
For instance, rearranging the terms of the alternating harmonic series so that each positive term of the original series is followed by two negative terms of the original series rather than just one yields [34] + + + = + + + = + + + = (+ + +), which is times the original series, so it would have a sum of half of the natural logarithm of 2. By ...
In mathematics, the harmonic series is the infinite series formed by summing all positive unit fractions: = = + + + + +.. The first terms of the series sum to approximately +, where is the natural logarithm and is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.
An infinite series of any rational function of can be reduced to a finite series of polygamma functions, by use of partial fraction decomposition, [8] as explained here. This fact can also be applied to finite series of rational functions, allowing the result to be computed in constant time even when the series contains a large number of terms.
The logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the numbers being multiplied; the logarithm of the ratio of two numbers is the difference of the logarithms. The logarithm of the p-th power of a number is p times the logarithm of the number itself; the logarithm of a p-th root is the logarithm of the number divided by p. The following ...
The log sum inequality can be used to prove inequalities in information theory. Gibbs' inequality states that the Kullback-Leibler divergence is non-negative, and equal to zero precisely if its arguments are equal. [3] One proof uses the log sum inequality.
The sum of the reciprocal of the primes increasing without bound. The x axis is in log scale, showing that the divergence is very slow. The red function is a lower bound that also diverges. The sum of the reciprocals of all prime numbers diverges; that is:
This satisfies the recurrence relation of a partial sum of the harmonic series, thus implying the formula ψ ( n ) = H n − 1 − γ {\displaystyle \psi (n)=H_{n-1}-\gamma } where γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant .