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  2. Nuremberg Code - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Code

    The Nuremberg Code became a cornerstone of clinical research and bioethics." [17] In 1995, Judge Sandra Beckwith ruled in the case In Re Cincinnati Radiation Litigation (874 F. Supp 1995) that the Nuremberg Code may be applied in criminal and civil litigation in the Federal Courts of the United States. [18]

  3. Guidelines for human subject research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidelines_for_human...

    One of the earliest models for ethical human experimentation, preceding the Nuremberg Code, was established in 1931. [4] In the Weimar Republic of 20th century pre-Nazi Germany, the entity known as Reichsgesundheitsamt [5] (translating roughly to National Health Service), under the Ministry of the Interior [6] formulated a list of 14 points detailing these ethical principles.

  4. Vera Sharav - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Sharav

    Sharav held a speech at the 75th anniversary of the Nuremberg Code in Nuremberg, where she was critical of the COVID-19 vaccine comparing it to Zyklon B which was used to murder over a million people during the Holocaust. [5] The German Jewish Forum for Democracy and against Antisemitism (JFDA) considers her speech a relativization of the ...

  5. Claus Schilling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Schilling

    At that time, there was no formal code of ethics in medical research to which the judges could hold the accused Nazi doctors accountable. The "scientific experiments" exposed during the trials led to the Nuremberg Code, developed in 1949 as a ten-point code of human experimentation ethics. [5] During his trial, Schilling made a plea in English.

  6. Nazi human experimentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation

    The Code was not cited in any of the findings against the defendants and never made it into either German or American medical law. [67] This code comes from the Nuremberg Trials where the most heinous of Nazi leaders were put on trial for their war crimes.

  7. Nuremberg principles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_principles

    Previous to the time of the Nuremberg Trials, this excuse was known in common parlance as "superior orders". [citation needed] After the prominent, high-profile event of the Nuremberg Trials, that excuse is now referred to by many as the "Nuremberg Defense". In recent times, a third term, "lawful orders" has become common parlance for some people.

  8. Andrew Conway Ivy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Conway_Ivy

    Ivy, described by Time as "one of the nation’s top physiologists" and "the conscience of U.S. Science," was referenced during the Nuremberg trials in 1946. At the trials, Werner Leibbrand was interrogated, and it became evident that the Germans questioning him were attempting to identify parallels between the medical research they conducted during the war and the human subjects research ...

  9. Leo Alexander - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Alexander

    After the war, he was appointed chief medical advisor to Telford Taylor, the U.S. Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, and participated in the Nuremberg Trials in November 1946. He conceived the principles of the Nuremberg Code after observing and documenting German SS medical experiments at Dachau , and instances of sterilization and euthanasia .