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Coagulation activation markers are biomarkers of net activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Examples include prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT), fibrinopeptide A (FpA), fibrin monomers (FMs), plasmin-α 2 -antiplasmin complex (PAP), activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI), and D ...
Experimental techniques used to study these cells include measuring antigen-stimulated cell proliferation and cytokine release, staining with peptide-MHC multimers or using an activation-induced marker (AIM) assay.
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, also known as AICDA, AID and single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase, is a 24 kDa enzyme which in humans is encoded by the AICDA gene. [5] It creates mutations in DNA [ 6 ] [ 7 ] by deamination of cytosine base, which turns it into uracil (which is recognized as a thymine ).
It has been shown that T reg s can be detected using an activation-induced marker assay by expression of CD39 [82] in combination with co-expression of CD25 and OX40(CD134) which define antigen-specific cells following 24-48h stimulation with antigen. [83] [84]
The gene encoding CD69 is located in the NK gene complex on chromosome 6 and chromosome 12 in mice and humans respectively. [7] Activation signaling pathways in lymphocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells and other cell types upregulate transcription factors, such as NF-κB, ERG-1 (erythroblast transformation-specific related gene-1), and AP-1 (activator protein), in order to promote the ...
FCGR2B regulates B cell activation by increasing the BCR activation threshold and suppressing B cell-mediated antigen presentation to T cells through the ITIM-dependent inhibitory mechanism. [9] Ligation of FCGR2B on B cells downregulates antibody production, prevents the membrane organization of BCR and CD19 and promotes apoptosis .
The aPTT-based APC resistance test involves a modified aPTT test performed in the presence and absence of activated protein C (APC). [1] [5] The ratio of these aPTT values is calculated and is called the APC sensitivity ratio (APCsr) or simply APC ratio (APCr). [1] [5] This ratio is inversely related to the degree of APC resistance. [7]
F1+2 is a marker of thrombin generation and hence of coagulation activation. [4] [3] [1] It is considered the best marker of in vivo thrombin generation. [1] F1+2 levels can be quantified with blood tests and is used in the diagnosis of hyper-and hypocoagulable states and in the monitoring of anticoagulant therapy.