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First-generation antihistamines can easily cross the blood-brain barrier into the central nervous system to reach the H-1 receptors within, often causing drowsiness. [7] Second-generation antihistamines selectively bind to the peripheral H-1 receptors outside the blood-brain barrier, therefore they are less likely to cause sedation.
Substances that may cause this toxidrome include cocaine, amphetamine and compounds based upon amphetamine's structure such as ephedrine , methamphetamine, phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine. The bronchodilator salbutamol may also cause this toxidrome. It may appear very similar to the anticholinergic toxidrome, but is distinguished by ...
Other common adverse effects in first-generation H 1-antihistamines include dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, euphoria, incoordination, anxiety, increased appetite leading to weight gain, insomnia, tremor, nausea and vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, and dry cough.
[2] [4] Symptoms may include flushed skin, sweating, headache, itchiness, blurred vision, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. [2] [5] Onset of symptoms is typically 10 to 60 minutes after eating and can last for up to two days. [2] Rarely, breathing problems, difficulty swallowing, redness of the mouth, or an irregular heartbeat may occur. [2] [5]
A debunked urban legend claims that a few drops of Visine will cause harmless but debilitating bouts of explosive diarrhea, similar to a laxative. [14] However, symptoms of Visine's active ingredient tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride can be severe, and can include: Dangerously low body temperature (hypothermia) Blurred vision; Nausea and vomiting
Diphenhydramine is a potent antimuscarinic (a competitive antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors) and, as such, at high doses can cause anticholinergic syndrome. [68] The utility of diphenhydramine as an antiparkinson agent is the result of its blocking properties on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.
Cinnarizine is an antihistamine and calcium channel blocker of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group. [5] It is prescribed for nausea and vomiting due to motion sickness [6] or other sources such as chemotherapy, [7] vertigo, [8] or Ménière's disease. [9] Cinnarizine is one of the leading causes of drug-induced parkinsonism. [5]
Brompheniramine, sold under the brand name Dimetapp among others, is a first-generation antihistamine drug of the propylamine (alkylamine) class. [2] It is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of the common cold and allergic rhinitis, such as runny nose, itchy eyes, watery eyes, and sneezing.