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  2. Logical reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

    Logical reasoning is a form of thinking that is concerned with arriving at a conclusion in a rigorous way. [1] This happens in the form of inferences by transforming the information present in a set of premises to reach a conclusion.

  3. Higher-order thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_thinking

    It is a notion that students must master the lower level skills before they can engage in higher-order thinking. However, the United States National Research Council objected to this line of reasoning, saying that cognitive research challenges that assumption, and that higher-order thinking is important even in elementary school.

  4. Reason - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason

    Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. [1] It is associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, religion, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.

  5. Abductive reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning

    A Mastermind player uses abduction to infer the secret colors (top) from summaries (bottom left) of discrepancies in their guesses (bottom right).. Abductive reasoning (also called abduction, [1] abductive inference, [1] or retroduction [2]) is a form of logical inference that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations.

  6. Deductive reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning

    Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences. ... For example, the inference from ... natural deduction is often used for teaching logic to students ...

  7. Analytical skill - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_skill

    Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning, commencing with a general statement or hypothesis, then examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion’. [10] This scientific method utilises deductions, to test hypotheses and theories, to predict if possible observations were correct.

  8. Proportional reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_reasoning

    Reasoning based on relations of proportionality is one form of what in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is called "formal operational reasoning", which is acquired in the later stages of intellectual development. There are methods by which teachers can guide students in the correct application of proportional reasoning.

  9. Piaget's theory of cognitive development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget's_theory_of...

    For example, he believed that children experience the world through actions, representing things with words, thinking logically, and using reasoning. To Piaget, cognitive development was a progressive reorganisation of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience.