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Soil microbiology is the study of microorganisms in soil, their functions, and how they affect soil properties. [1] It is believed that between two and four billion years ago, the first ancient bacteria and microorganisms came about on Earth's oceans.
Soil biology is the study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil. Soil life, soil biota, soil fauna, or edaphon is a collective term that encompasses all organisms that spend a significant portion of their life cycle within a soil profile, or at the soil-litter interface.
These microorganisms consist of naturally occurring microbes, such as photosynthesizing bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and fermenting fungi, which can be applied to increase soil microbial diversity. The application of effective microorganisms improves soil structure and fertility while significantly boosting biological diversity.
Microorganism function is in long duration, causing improvement of the soil fertility. It maintains the natural habitat of the soil. It increases crop yield by 20-30%, replaces chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 30%, and stimulates plant growth. It can also provide protection against drought and some soil-borne diseases.
[7] [8] [9] Microorganisms (soil microbes) are involved in biogeochemical cycles in the soil which helps in fixing nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in the soil (environment). [10] As a consequence of the quantitative magnitude of microbial life (calculated as 5.0 × 10 30 cells, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] ) microbes, by virtue of their ...
[40] One feature of soil microbes is spatial separation which influences microbe to microbe interactions and ecosystem functioning in the soil habitat. [41] Microorganisms in soil are found to be concentrated in specific sites called 'hot spots' which is characterized by an abundance of resources such as moisture or nutrients.
MICP may be limited to the soils containing limited amounts of fines due to the reduction in pore spaces in fine soils. Based on the size of microorganism, the applicability of biocementation is limited to GW, GP, SW, SP, ML, and organic soils. [53] Bacteria are not expected to enter through pore throats smaller than approximately 0.4 μm.
The root microbiome (also called rhizosphere microbiome) is the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots. [1] Because they are rich in a variety of carbon compounds, plant roots provide unique environments for a diverse assemblage of soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea.