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Maximum landing gear operating speed. This is the maximum speed at which the landing gear on a retractable gear aircraft should be extended or retracted. [7] [9] [20] V LOF: Lift-off speed. [7] [9] V MC: Minimum control speed. The minimum speed at which the aircraft is still controllable with the critical engine inoperative. [7]
An air speed record is the highest airspeed attained by an aircraft of a particular class. The rules for all official aviation records are defined by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), [ 1 ] which also ratifies any claims.
Airspeed is commonly given in knots (kn). Since 2010, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recommends using kilometers per hour (km/h) for airspeed (and meters per second for wind speed on runways), but allows using the de facto standard of knots, and has no set date on when to stop.
Table II-5-1-2 Aircraft approach categories do not change during day-to-day operation. To change an aircraft's category, an aircraft must be re-certified with a different maximum landing mass. [1]: II-5-1-3 Pilots may not use a lower category than the one certified, but may choose to use a higher category for higher speed approaches. [2]
The right side of the graph represents the maximum speed of the aircraft. This is typically sloped in the same manner as the stall line due to air resistance getting lower at higher altitudes, up to the point where an increase in altitude no longer increases the maximum speed due to lack of oxygen to feed the engines.
At a glance, the pilot can determine a recommended speed (V speeds) or if speed adjustments are needed. Single and multi-engine aircraft have common markings. For instance, the green arc indicates the normal operating range of the aircraft, from V S1 to V NO. The white arc indicates the flap operating range, V SO to V FE, used for approaches ...
Ground speed is just a pilot aid to estimate if the flight is on time, behind or ahead of schedule. It is not used for takeoff and landing purposes, since the imperative speed for a flying aircraft always is the speed against the wind. The Machmeter is, on subsonic aircraft, a warning indicator.
The concept of maximum operating maneuvering speed was introduced to the US type-certification standards for light aircraft in 1993. [1] [6] The maximum operating maneuvering speed is selected by the aircraft designer and cannot be more than , where V s is the stalling speed of the aircraft, and n is the maximal allowed positive load factor.