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Butyrate fermentation is currently being utilized in the production of a variety of biochemicals and biofuels. Butyrate in humans originates from the anaerobic microbes that ferment dietary fibers in the lower intestinal tract. Butyrate plays an important role in immune and inflammatory responses, as well as the formation of the intestinal barrier.
In particular, butyrate inhibits colonic tumor cells and stimulates proliferation of healthy colonic epithelial cells. [70] [71] The explanation why butyrate is an energy source for normal colonocytes and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells, is the Warburg effect in cancer cells
Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the three most common SCFAs. [3] Butyrate is particularly important for colon health because it is the primary energy source for colonocytes (the epithelial cells of the colon). [1] [2] The liver can use acetate for energy. [5]
Ketogenesis is the biochemical process through which organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The process supplies energy to certain organs, particularly the brain , heart and skeletal muscle , under specific scenarios including fasting , caloric restriction , sleep, [ 3 ] or others.
[1] [2] Resistant starch occurs naturally in foods, but it can also be added as part of dried raw foods, or used as an additive in manufactured foods. [ 3 ] Some types of resistant starch (RS1, RS2 and RS3) are fermented by the large intestinal microbiota , conferring benefits to human health through the production of short-chain fatty acids ...
The nutrient has been shown to help guard against breast cancer, while a diet rich in vitamin A has been linked to a lower risk for squamous cell carcinoma, a common form of skin cancer.
In cancer cells, major changes in gene expression increase glucose uptake to support their rapid growth. Unlike normal cells, which produce lactate only when oxygen is low, cancer cells convert much of the glucose to lactate even in the presence of adequate oxygen. This is known as the “Warburg Effect.”
The diet in the tropics tended [when?] to depend more heavily on plant foods, while the diet at higher latitudes tended more towards animal products. Analyses of postcranial and cranial remains of humans and animals from the Neolithic, along with detailed bone-modification studies, have shown that cannibalism also occurred among prehistoric humans.