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V REF speed, the reference landing approach speed of an aircraft; see V speeds § Regulatory V-speeds; Voltage reference, an electronic device that ideally produces a fixed (constant) voltage irrespective of other factors; Volvo Research and Educational Foundations, a group of four foundations headed by Jose Holguin-Veras
Used instead of V R (in discussions of the takeoff performance of military aircraft) to denote rotation speed in conjunction with the term V ref (refusal speed). [19] V Ref: Landing reference speed or threshold crossing speed. [7] [8] [9] Must be at least 1.3 V S 0. Must be at least V MC for reciprocating-engine aircraft, or 1.05 V MC for ...
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) classifies aircraft by their indicated airspeed at runway threshold (V at, [1]: II-5-1-3 also known as approach speed or V REF). The categories are as follows: [1]: II-5-1-3 Category A: less than 169 km/h (91 kt) indicated airspeed (IAS)
In the first iteration, if V in is greater than V ref ⁄ 2, then the comparator will output a digital 1 and otherwise output a digital 0. Update Switch: A digital 0 result will leave the current test capacitor connected to V ref for subsequent iterations, while a digital 1 result will switch the capacitor back to ground.
Given two numerical quantities, v ref and v with v ref some reference value, their actual change, actual difference, or absolute change is Δv = v − v ref. The term absolute difference is sometimes also used even though the absolute value is not taken; the sign of Δ typically is uniform, e.g. across an increasing data series. If the ...
The most common voltage reference circuit used in integrated circuits is the bandgap voltage reference. A bandgap-based reference (commonly just called a 'bandgap') uses analog circuits to add a multiple of the voltage difference between two bipolar junctions biased at different current densities to the voltage developed across a diode. The ...
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A reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) is a reference electrode, more specifically a subtype of the standard hydrogen electrodes, for electrochemical processes. Unlike the standard hydrogen electrode, its measured potential does change with the pH, so it can be directly used in the electrolyte. [1] [2] [3]