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Factor investing is an investment approach that involves targeting quantifiable firm characteristics or "factors" that can explain differences in stock returns. Security characteristics that may be included in a factor-based approach include size, low-volatility , value , momentum , asset growth, profitability, leverage, term and carry.
In 2015, Fama and French extended the model, adding a further two factors — profitability and investment. Defined analogously to the HML factor, the profitability factor (RMW) is the difference between the returns of firms with robust (high) and weak (low) operating profitability; and the investment factor (CMA) is the difference between the returns of firms that invest conservatively and ...
On the other hand, constant capital refers to investment in non-human factors of production, such as plant and machinery, which Marx takes to contribute only its own replacement value to the commodities it is used to produce. Investment or capital accumulation, in classical economic theory, is the production of increased capital.
An estimation of the CAPM and the security market line (purple) for the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 3 years for monthly data.. In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio.
Given a number of competing investment opportunities, investors are expected to put their capital to work in order to maximize the return. In other words, the cost of capital is the rate of return that capital could be expected to earn in the best alternative investment of equivalent risk; this is the opportunity cost of capital. If a project ...
Capital structure is an important issue in setting rates charged to customers by regulated utilities in the United States. The utility company has the right to choose any capital structure it deems appropriate, but regulators determine an appropriate capital structure and cost of capital for ratemaking purposes. [3]
Capital is said to be "formed" when savings are utilized for investment purposes, often investment in production. In the US, statistical measures for capital formation were pioneered by Simon Kuznets in the 1930s and 1940s, [ 4 ] and from the 1950s onwards the standard accounting system devised under the auspices of the United Nations to ...
Capital accumulation is the dynamic that motivates the pursuit of profit, involving the investment of money or any financial asset with the goal of increasing the initial monetary value of said asset as a financial return whether in the form of profit, rent, interest, royalties or capital gains.