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2. Freeze drying - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_drying

   Modern freeze drying began as early as 1890 by Richard Altmann who devised a method to freeze dry tissues (either plant or animal), but went virtually unnoticed until the 1930s. [8] In 1909, L. F. Shackell independently created the vacuum chamber by using an electrical pump. [9]

3. Cold trap - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_trap

   Pumps that use oil either as their working fluid (diffusion pumps), or as their lubricant (mechanical rotary pumps), are often the sources of contamination in vacuum systems. Placing a cold trap at the mouth of such a pump greatly lowers the risk that oil vapours will backstream into the cavity.

4. Vacuum drying - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_drying

   The materials to be dried are kept on the trays inside the vacuum dryer and pressure is reduced by means of a vacuum pump. The dryer door is tightly shut and steam is passed through the space between trays and jacket so that the heat transfer occurs by conduction. Water vapors from the feed is sent into the condenser and after the drying vacuum ...

5. Vacuum pump - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pump

   In the field of oil regeneration and re-refining, vacuum pumps create a low vacuum for oil dehydration and a high vacuum for oil purification. [44] A vacuum may be used to power, or provide assistance to mechanical devices. In hybrid and diesel engine motor vehicles, a pump fitted on the engine (usually on the camshaft) is used to produce a vacuum.

6. Edwards Vacuum - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Vacuum

   Vacuum is used for the metallization of CD surfaces. In 1984, Edwards’ Henry Wycliffe invented the Drystar roots/claw dry pump, patended by Edwards. The Drystar was a positive-displacement roots/claw pump that does not require oil for lubrication.

7. Cryopump - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopump

   A cryopump or a "cryogenic pump" is a vacuum pump that traps gases and vapours by condensing them on a cold surface, but are only effective on some gases. The effectiveness depends on the freezing and boiling points of the gas relative to the cryopump's temperature.

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9. Drying - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying

   Pressure can be reduced by a high vacuum pump (though freeze drying at atmospheric pressure is possible in dry air). If using a vacuum pump, the vapor produced by sublimation is removed from the system by converting it into ice in a condenser, operating at very low temperatures, outside the freeze drying chamber.