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Metoprolol, sold under the brand name Lopressor among others, is a medication used to treat angina and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. [4] It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines. [4] It is a selective β 1 receptor blocker ...
They work by inhibiting the synthesis, release, or reuptake of the neurotransmitters or by antagonising the receptors on postsynaptic neurones. Their medical uses, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and contraindications depend on the specific types of adrenergic blockers used, including alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2.
Side effects, caution & contraindications Remarks Beta-blockers: Metoprolol; Atenolol; Bisoprolol; Block beta-1 receptors in the heart → stop the effects of catecholamines on the heart→ reduce heart rate, heart contractility and conduction velocity → reduce the workload of the heart [15] Side effects [16] Bradycardia; Hypotension; Heart Block
Beta blockers vary in their lipophilicity (fat solubility) and in turn in their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and exert effects in the central nervous system. [76] Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier permeability can have both neuropsychiatric therapeutic benefits and side effects, as well as adverse cognitive effects ...
However, the serotonin receptor antagonism has side effects such as weight gain and impaired movement. [11] Hence, alpha-2 blockers are not used clinically due to its extensive binding. Similar to the alpha-1 blocker, the alpha-2 family will also present the first-dose effect , but it is generally less pronounced compared with the alpha-1 blockers.
Common side effects with the drops is irritation of the eye. [3] Common side effects by mouth include tiredness, slow heart beat , itchiness, and shortness of breath . [ 5 ] Other side effects include masking the symptoms of low blood sugar in those with diabetes . [ 3 ]
Betaxolol also shows greater affinity for beta 1 receptors than metoprolol. In addition to its effect on the heart, betaxolol reduces the pressure within the eye ( intraocular pressure ). This effect is thought to be caused by reducing the production of the liquid (which is called the aqueous humor ) within the eye.
Nadolol is used to treat hypertension and for long-term treatment of angina pectoris and is approved by the FDA for these purposes. [8]It is regularly used off-label [8] for control of heart rate in people with atrial fibrillation, [9] prevention of migraine headaches; [10] prevention of bleeding veins in people with portal hypertension caused by cirrhosis; [4] and to treat people with high ...
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