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Venatio was first introduced by Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, who celebrated his Greek campaign by hosting games where gladiators would fight lions and panthers.. Exotic wild beasts from the far reaches of the Roman Empire were brought to Rome and hunts were held in the morning prior to the afternoon main event of gladiatorial duels.
The spectacles in ancient Rome were numerous, open to all citizens and generally free of charge; some of them were distinguished by the grandeur of the stagings and cruelty. Romans preferred to attend gladiatorial fights, those with ferocious beasts ( venationes ), reproductions of naval battles ( naumachia ), chariot races , athletic contests ...
Even at the height of its development as a chariot-racing circuit, the circus remained the most suitable space in Rome for religious processions on a grand scale and was the most popular venue for large-scale venationes; in the late 3rd century, the emperor Probus laid on a spectacular Circus show in which beasts were hunted through a veritable ...
Naumachia (detail): an imaginative recreation by Ulpiano Checa, first exhibited in 1894.. The naumachia (in Latin naumachia, from the Ancient Greek ναυμαχία / naumachía, literally "naval combat") in the Ancient Roman world referred to both the staging of naval battles as mass entertainment, and the basin or building in which this took place.
As the diplomatic representative of the papacy, he could intervene directly with the Venetian government to defend the interests of the Church and the inquisition, particularly in disputed cases. His participation ensured that the inquisition in Venice remained subject to the Holy Office in Rome and acted with the full authority of the pope.
In 7 BC, Augustus reorganized Rome for administrative purposes into 265 districts which replaced but which were still called vici. [22] An image of the Genius of Augustus now stood between the Lares at the crossroads shrines, and the ludi once considered dangerously subversive became expressions of Imperial piety .
Palmyrene war between Rome and the breakaway Palmyrene Empire. 270 – Palmyrene invasion of Egypt – Palmyrene victory; 272 – Battle of Immae – Aurelian defeats the army of Zenobia of Palmyra; Battle of Emesa – Aurelian decisively defeats Zenobia. 271: Failed usurpations of Felicissimus in Rome and Septimius in Dalmatia.
According to tradition, in 390 BC, an army of Gauls led by Brennus attacked Rome, capturing all of the city except for the Capitoline Hill. Brennus besieged the hill, and finally the Romans asked to ransom their city.