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The origin of terraces or andenes in the Andes is poorly understood, but they were being built by 2000 BCE. Agriculture became essential for the subsistence of a growing population after 900 BCE. People of the Huarpa culture and the later Wari culture (500–1000 CE) built terraces into the hillsides of the Andes in Peru. [4]
Terraces were built to permit agriculture in the rugged terrain of the Andes. The heartland of the Inca Empire was in the high plateaus and mountains of the Andes of Peru . This area is mostly above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in elevation and is characterized by low or seasonal precipitation, low temperatures, and thin soils.
La Paz, Bolivia, is the second-largest city located in the Altiplano (after El Alto) Volcanoes in Sajama National Park (Parinacota and Pomerape). The Altiplano is an area of inland drainage lying in the central Andes, occupying parts of northern Chile, western Bolivia, southern Peru and northwest Argentina.
The earliest civilizations were on the hyper-arid desert coast of Peru. Agriculture was possible only with irrigation in valleys crossed by rivers coming from the high Andes, plus in a few fog oases called lomas. In the Andes, agriculture was limited by thin soils, cold climate, low or seasonal precipitation, and a scarcity of flat land.
The Southern Andes in Argentina and Chile, south of Llullaillaco, The Central Andes in Peru and Bolivia, and The Northern Andes in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. At the northern end of the Andes, the separate Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta range is often, but not always, treated as part of the Northern Andes. [3]
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The Andes mountain range as seen from a plane, between Santiago de Chile and Mendoza, Argentina, in summer. The Andes (/ ˈ æ n d iː z / AN-deez), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (Spanish: Cordillera de los Andes; Quechua: Anti) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America.