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Conduction heat flux q k for ideal gas is derived with the gas kinetic theory or the Boltzmann transport equations, and the thermal conductivity is =, -, where u f 2 1/2 is the RMS (root mean square) thermal velocity (3k B T/m from the MB distribution function, m: atomic mass) and τ f-f is the relaxation time (or intercollision time period ...
"Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen" (English: "On the movement of small particles suspended in a stationary liquid demanded by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat") is the 1905 journal article, by Albert Einstein, that proved the reality of atoms, the modern understanding of which had been ...
In 1665, in Micrographia, the English polymath Robert Hooke repeated Bacon's assertion, [6] [7] and in 1675, his colleague, Anglo-Irish scientist Robert Boyle noted that a hammer's "impulse" is transformed into the motion of a nail's constituent particles, and that this type of motion is what heat consists of. [8]
The molecular transfer equations of Newton's law for fluid momentum, Fourier's law for heat, and Fick's law for mass are very similar. One can convert from one transport coefficient to another in order to compare all three different transport phenomena.
Joule was proposing a kinetic theory of heat (he believed it to be a form of rotational, rather than translational, kinetic energy), and this required a conceptual leap: if heat was a form of molecular motion, why did the motion of the molecules not gradually die out? Joule's ideas required one to believe that the collisions of molecules were ...
The convection heat transfer mode comprises two mechanism. In addition to energy transfer due to specific molecular motion , energy is transferred by bulk, or macroscopic, motion of the fluid. This motion is associated with the fact that, at any instant, large numbers of molecules are moving collectively or as aggregates.
German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave to the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", [3] published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy.
Kinetic theory of matter: A general account of the properties of matter, including solids liquids and gases, based around the idea that heat or temperature is a manifestation of atoms and molecules in constant agitation. Kinetic theory of gases, an account of gas properties in terms of motion and interaction of submicroscopic particles in gases