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Cover of the European Pharmacopoeia, 11th Edition. The European Pharmacopoeia [1] (Pharmacopoeia Europaea, Ph. Eur.) is a major regional pharmacopoeia which provides common quality standards throughout the pharmaceutical industry in Europe to control the quality of medicines, and the substances used to manufacture them. [1]
The experimental determination of a value is commonly performed by means of a titration. [8] A typical procedure would be as follows. A quantity of strong acid is added to a solution containing the acid or a salt of the acid, to the point where the compound is fully protonated.
ISO/IEC 15504 is the reference model for the maturity models (consisting of capability levels which in turn consist of the process attributes and further consist of generic practices) against which the assessors can place the evidence that they collect during their assessment, so that the assessors can give an overall determination of the organization's capabilities for delivering products ...
Using their system, Larsen and colleagues showed approximately 1200-fold enrichment of an engineered polymerase. After one round of selection of an alpha-L-threofuranosyl nucleic acid (TNA) polymerase, they demonstrated roughly 14-fold improvement in activity and >99% correct placement of residues in a growing polypeptide. [146]
The bicarbonate ion is an amphoteric species that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH of the solution. At high pH, it dissociates significantly into the carbonate ion (CO 2− 3): HCO − 3 ⇌ CO 2− 3 + H + K a2 = 4.69 × 10 −11 mol/L; pK a2 = 10.329. In organisms, carbonic acid production is catalysed by the enzyme known as ...
In strongly acidic conditions (pH below 3), the carboxylate group becomes protonated and the structure becomes an ammonio carboxylic acid, NH + 3 −CHR−CO 2 H. This is relevant for enzymes like pepsin that are active in acidic environments such as the mammalian stomach and lysosomes , but does not significantly apply to intracellular enzymes.
Titanium dioxide is insoluble in water, organic solvents, and inorganic acids. It is slightly soluble in alkali, soluble in saturated potassium acid carbonate, and can be completely dissolved in strong sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid after boiling for a long time. [83] SEM (top) and TEM (bottom) images of chiral TiO 2 nanofibers [82]
Typical concentrations of benzoic acid as a preservative in food are between 0.05 and 0.1%. Foods in which benzoic acid may be used and maximum levels for its application are controlled by local food laws. [25] [26] Concern has been expressed that benzoic acid and its salts may react with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in some soft drinks, forming ...