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A common example used in undergraduate education is the determination of the amount of water in a hydrate by heating the sample to remove the water such that the difference in weight is due to the loss of water.
Early developments in bulk production of single-emulsions (SEs; e.g. "water-in-oil" droplets) and double-emulsions (DEs; e.g. "water-in-oil-in-water" droplets) were followed by innovations in on-chip formation and sorting of SEs and DEs, which allow for greater ease and throughput of directed evolution experiments on microfluidic chips.
The pH range is commonly given as zero to 14, but a pH value can be less than 0 for very concentrated strong acids or greater than 14 for very concentrated strong bases. [2] The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. [3]
Cover of the European Pharmacopoeia, 11th Edition. The European Pharmacopoeia [1] (Pharmacopoeia Europaea, Ph. Eur.) is a major regional pharmacopoeia which provides common quality standards throughout the pharmaceutical industry in Europe to control the quality of medicines, and the substances used to manufacture them. [1]
The letter Sigma. Sigma (/ ˈ s ɪ ɡ m ə / SIG-mə; [1] uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς; Ancient Greek: σίγμα) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet.
An estimate of the range of distances from the Sun allowing the existence of liquid water appears in Newton's Principia (Book III, Section 1, corol. 4). [24] The philosopher Louis Claude de Saint-Martin speculated in his 1802 work Man: His True Nature and Ministry, "... we may presume, that, being susceptible of vegetation, it [the Earth] has been placed, in the series of planets, in the rank ...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens. [2] It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. [2] [15] The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. [1]
By comparison, the Antarctic ice sheet on Earth has a mass of about 4 × 10 18 kg, and Mars's south polar cap contains about 10 16 kg of water. [87] The origin of the ice on Mercury is not yet known, but the two most likely sources are from outgassing of water from the planet's interior and deposition by impacts of comets. [87]