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A renal diet is a diet aimed at keeping levels of fluids, electrolytes, and minerals balanced in the body in individuals with chronic kidney disease or who are on dialysis. Dietary changes may include the restriction of fluid intake, protein , and electrolytes including sodium , phosphorus , and potassium . [ 1 ]
Diagnosis is generally based on a blood phosphate level exceeding 1.46 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL). [1] Levels may appear falsely elevated with high blood lipid levels, high blood protein levels, or high blood bilirubin levels. [1] Treatment may include a phosphate low diet and antacids like calcium carbonate that bind phosphate. [1]
Laboratory findings include low-normal serum calcium, moderately low serum phosphate, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, and low serum 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D levels, hyperphosphaturia, and no evidence of hyperparathyroidism. [8] Hypophosphatemia decreases 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) causing a left shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve.
Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic. [1] [3] [6] Mildly low levels that develop slowly often have no symptoms.
Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium. The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body. In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone , vitamin D and the calcium ...
Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 grams of adult body weight, with 99% of it contained in bones and teeth. This is about 1.5% of body weight. [2] Phosphorus occurs in amounts of about 2/3 of calcium, and makes up about 1% of a person's body weight. [10]
Low cholesterol or triglyceride may give a clue toward fat malabsorption. [12] Low calcium and phosphate may give a clue toward osteomalacia from low vitamin D. [12] Specific vitamins like vitamin D or micronutrient like zinc levels can be checked. Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) are affected in fat malabsorption.
The metabolism of calcium, phosphate, hormones, and Vitamin D. Biochemical features are similar to those of rickets. The major factor is an abnormally low vitamin D concentration in blood serum. [13] Major typical biochemical findings include: [19] Low serum and urinary calcium; Low serum phosphate, except in cases of renal osteodystrophy