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  2. Particle image velocimetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_image_velocimetry

    Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive optical flow measurement technique used to study fluid flow patterns and velocities. PIV has found widespread applications in various fields of science and engineering, including aerodynamics, combustion, oceanography, and biofluids.

  3. Magnetic flow meter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flow_meter

    A magnetic flow meter (mag meter, electromagnetic flow meter) is a transducer that measures fluid flow by the voltage induced across the liquid by its flow through a magnetic field. A magnetic field is applied to the metering tube, which results in a potential difference proportional to the flow velocity perpendicular to the flux lines.

  4. Flow measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_measurement

    Turbine meters are less accurate than displacement and jet meters at low flow rates, but the measuring element does not occupy or severely restrict the entire path of flow. The flow direction is generally straight through the meter, allowing for higher flow rates and less pressure loss than displacement-type meters.

  5. Permeability (materials science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(Materials...

    The concept of permeability is of importance in determining the flow characteristics of hydrocarbons in oil and gas reservoirs, [4] and of groundwater in aquifers. [5]For a rock to be considered as an exploitable hydrocarbon reservoir without stimulation, its permeability must be greater than approximately 100 md (depending on the nature of the hydrocarbon – gas reservoirs with lower ...

  6. Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip

    LOCs can handle extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico-liters. Lab-on-a-chip devices are a subset of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and sometimes called "micro total analysis systems" (μTAS). LOCs may use microfluidics, the physics, manipulation and study of minute amounts of fluids. However, strictly regarded "lab ...

  7. Dielectrophoresis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrophoresis

    Particles experiencing repulsive and weak attractive DEP forces are eluted by fluid flow, whereas particles experiencing strong attractive DEP forces are trapped at electrode edges against flow drag. [41] Dielectrophoresis field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF), introduced by Davis and Giddings, [42] is a family of chromatographic-like separation ...

  8. How to retire on less than $1 million and never run out of money

    www.aol.com/finance/retire-less-1-million-never...

    Bottom line. Ultimately, whether you can retire on less than $1 million will largely depend on your spending needs during retirement and your remaining life expectancy.

  9. Electro-osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-osmosis

    Electroosmotic flow is caused by the Coulomb force induced by an electric field on net mobile electric charge in a solution. Because the chemical equilibrium between a solid surface and an electrolyte solution typically leads to the interface acquiring a net fixed electrical charge, a layer of mobile ions, known as an electrical double layer or Debye layer, forms in the region near the interface.