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  2. Randomness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness

    Individual random events are, by definition, unpredictable, but if there is a known probability distribution, the frequency of different outcomes over repeated events (or "trials") is predictable. [note 1] For example, when throwing two dice, the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable, but a sum of 7 will tend to occur twice as often ...

  3. Black swan theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan_theory

    The black swan theory or theory of black swan events is a metaphor that describes an event that comes as a surprise, has a major effect, and is often inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. The term is based on a Latin expression which presumed that black swans did not exist. The expression was used until ...

  4. Shock (economics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(economics)

    In economics, a shock is an unexpected or unpredictable event that affects an economy, either positively or negatively. Technically, it is an unpredictable change in exogenous factors—that is, factors unexplained by an economic model—which may influence endogenous economic variables.

  5. Stochastic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic

    The event creates its own conditions of possibility, rendering it unpredictable if simply for the number of variables involved. Stochastic social science theory can be seen as an elaboration of a kind of 'third axis' in which to situate human behavior alongside the traditional 'nature vs. nurture' opposition.

  6. Knightian uncertainty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty

    A black swan event, as analyzed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb, is an important and inherently unpredictable event that, once occurred, is rationalized with the benefit of hindsight. Another position of the black swan theory is that appropriate preparation for these events is frequently hindered by the pretense of knowledge of all the risks; in other ...

  7. List of idioms of improbability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_idioms_of...

    The word nikoli, when stressed on the second syllable, means "never", when stressed on the first it is the locative case of Nikola, i.e. Nicholas; Spanish – cuando las vacas vuelen ("when cows fly") or cuando los chanchos vuelen ("when pigs fly"). Its most common use is in response to an affirmative statement, for example "I saw Mrs. Smith ...

  8. These undersea tunnels connect remote islands halfway between ...

    www.aol.com/undersea-tunnels-connect-remote...

    In the Faroe Islands, wild, unpredictable weather — fierce winds and rain, and thick fog that settles like a curtain — can sometimes make travel by car or ferry problematic.

  9. Unintended consequences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_consequences

    An erosion gully in Australia caused by rabbits, an unintended consequence of their introduction as game animals. In the social sciences, unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences, more colloquially called knock-on effects) are outcomes of a purposeful action that are not intended or foreseen.