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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 14 January 2025. Cancer that originates in mammary glands Medical condition Breast cancer An illustration of breast cancer Specialty Surgical Oncology Symptoms A lump in a breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, a red scaly patch of skin on ...
Breast cancer incidence during pregnancy and lactation is assumed to be the same as in controls. Course and prognosis are also very similar to age matched controls. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] However diagnosis during lactation is particularly problematic, often leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment.
Noncyclical breast pain has various causes and is harder to diagnose and frequently the root cause is outside the breast. Some degree of non-cyclical breast tenderness can normally be present due to hormonal changes in puberty (both in girls and boys), in menopause and during pregnancy. [5] After pregnancy, breast pain can be caused by ...
It may cause harm to the baby if taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding. [14] It is a selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM) and works by decreasing the growth of breast cancer cells. [14] [15] It is a member of the triphenylethylene group of compounds. [16] Tamoxifen was initially made in 1962, by chemist Dora Richardson.
Trastuzumab, sold under the brand name Herceptin among others, is a monoclonal antibody used to treat breast cancer and stomach cancer. [31] [28] [32] [33] It is specifically used for cancer that is HER2 receptor positive. [31]
Brachytherapy is commonly used as an effective treatment for cervical, [106] prostate, [107] breast, [108] and skin cancer [109] and can also be used to treat tumors in many other body sites. [ 110 ] In brachytherapy, radiation sources are precisely placed directly at the site of the cancerous tumor.
The incidence of pregnancy-associated cancer has risen due to the increasing age of pregnant mothers. [62] Cancers may also be detected incidentally during maternal screening. [62] Cancer treatment needs to be selected to do least harm to both the woman and her embryo/fetus. In some cases a therapeutic abortion may be recommended.
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