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Air–fuel equivalence ratio, λ (lambda), is the ratio of actual AFR to stoichiometry for a given mixture. λ = 1.0 is at stoichiometry, rich mixtures λ < 1.0, and lean mixtures λ > 1.0. There is a direct relationship between λ and AFR. To calculate AFR from a given λ, multiply the measured λ by the
The most general form of Cauchy's equation is = + + +,where n is the refractive index, λ is the wavelength, A, B, C, etc., are coefficients that can be determined for a material by fitting the equation to measured refractive indices at known wavelengths.
A quantity related to the wavelength is the angular wavelength (also known as reduced wavelength), usually symbolized by ƛ ("lambda-bar" or barred lambda). It is equal to the ordinary wavelength reduced by a factor of 2π (ƛ = λ/2π), with SI units of meter per radian. It is the inverse of angular wavenumber (k = 2π/λ).
This ratio is w = −1 for the cosmological constant used in the Einstein equations; alternative time-varying forms of vacuum energy such as quintessence generally use a different value. The value w = −1.028 ± 0.032, measured by the Planck Collaboration (2018) [18] is consistent with −1, assuming w does not change over cosmic time.
A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value. Symbolically, this process can be expressed by the following differential equation , where N is the quantity and λ ( lambda ) is a positive rate called the exponential decay constant , disintegration constant , [ 1 ] rate constant , [ 2 ] or ...
The shape factor has a typical value of about 0.9, but varies with the actual shape of the crystallite; λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the X-ray wavelength ; β {\displaystyle \beta } is the line broadening at half the maximum intensity ( FWHM ), after subtracting the instrumental line broadening, in radians .
Lambda calculus is Turing complete, that is, it is a universal model of computation that can be used to simulate any Turing machine. [3] Its namesake, the Greek letter lambda (λ), is used in lambda expressions and lambda terms to denote binding a variable in a function.
Finally, with certain modifications (replacement of Z by Z − 1, and use of the integers 1 and 2 for the ns to give a numerical value of 3 ⁄ 4 for the difference of their inverse squares), the Rydberg formula provides correct values in the special case of K-alpha lines, since the transition in question is the K-alpha transition of the ...