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  2. Social stigma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma

    Whether effects be negative or positive in nature, 'labeling' people causes a significant change in individual perception (of persons with the disease). Perhaps a mutual understanding of stigma, achieved through education, could eliminate social stigma entirely.

  3. Ethnocentrism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrism

    Polish sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz is believed to have coined the term "ethnocentrism" in the 19th century, although he may have merely popularized it. Ethnocentrism in social science and anthropology—as well as in colloquial English discourse—means to apply one's own culture or ethnicity as a frame of reference to judge other cultures, practices, behaviors, beliefs, and people, instead ...

  4. Optimism bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimism_bias

    Optimism bias is typically measured through two determinants of risk: absolute risk, where individuals are asked to estimate their likelihood of experiencing a negative event compared to their actual chance of experiencing a negative event (comparison against self), and comparative risk, where individuals are asked to estimate the likelihood of experiencing a negative event (their personal ...

  5. 5 ways loneliness can negatively affect your health - AOL

    www.aol.com/5-ways-loneliness-negatively-affect...

    When we feel lonely, it’s because we aren’t getting enough social interaction,” said Lisa Gunn, mental health prevention lead at Nuffield Health. “If loneliness is affecting your life, you ...

  6. Social determinants of health - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health

    People who cope with stress through positive behaviors such as exercise or social connections may not be as affected by the relationship between stress and health, whereas those with a coping style more prone to over-consumption (i.e. emotional eating, drinking, smoking or drug use) are more likely to see negative health effects of stress. [66]

  7. Social isolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_isolation

    The effects of experimental manipulations of isolation in nonhuman social species has been shown to resemble the effects of perceived isolation in humans, and include: increased tonic sympathetic tone and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation and decreased inflammatory control, immunity, sleep salubrity, and expression of genes ...

  8. Negative utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_utilitarianism

    Erich Kadlec defends negative utilitarianism and addresses the benevolent world-exploder argument (partially) as follows: "[R. N. Smart] also dispenses with the generally known fact that all people (with a few exceptions in extreme situations) like to live and would consider being killed not a benefit but as the greatest evil done to them." [42]

  9. Shame - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame

    Shame is a discrete, basic emotion, described as a moral or social emotion that drives people to hide or deny their wrongdoings. [1] [2] Moral emotions are emotions that have an influence on a person's decision-making skills and monitors different social behaviors. [2]