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Spina bifida (SB; / ˈ s p aɪ n ə ˈ b ɪ f ɪ d ə /; [9] Latin for 'split spine') [10] is a birth defect in which there is incomplete closing of the spine and the membranes around the spinal cord during early development in pregnancy. [1] There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele. [1]
Tethered spinal cord can be caused by various conditions but the main cause is when tissue attachments limit the movement of the spinal cord in the spinal column which causes abnormal stretching of the cord. The tethered spinal cord syndrome is correlated with having the causes: [10] Spina bifida. Occulta; Mylomeningocele; Meningocele
The surgical procedure is typically done in two stages, but it is possible to conduct the surgery in one stage. The first stage is the discontinuation of the waste functions by performing a colostomy and ileal conduit in the upper abdominal quadrants. The second stage is the amputation at the lumbar spine. [5] [6]
Patients with spina bifida have a neural tube that has failed to completely form. This is most commonly in the lower back area in the region of the conus medullaris or cauda equina. Therefore, spina bifida affects the bowel similarly to a lower motor neuron spinal cord injury, resulting in a flaccid, unreactive rectal wall.
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina is damaged. [2] Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control. [1]
Neurogenic claudication commonly describes pain, weakness, fatigue, tingling, heaviness and paresthesias that extend into the lower extremities. [9] These symptoms may involve only one leg, but they usually involve both. Leg pain is usually more significant than back pain in individuals who have both. [12]
Neurologic signs result from severe angulation of the spine, narrowing of the spinal canal, instability of the spine, and luxation or fracture of the vertebrae. Signs include rear limb weakness or paralysis, urinary or fecal incontinence, and spinal pain. [5] Most cases of hemivertebrae have no or mild symptoms, so treatment is usually ...
The person's gait is assessed, with an exam for signs of other abnormalities (e.g., spina bifida as evidenced by a dimple, hairy patch, lipoma, or hemangioma). A thorough neurological examination is also performed, the skin for café au lait spots , indicative of neurofibromatosis , the feet for cavovarus deformity , abdominal reflexes and ...