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By 1206, Genghis Khan had conquered all Mongol and Turkic tribes in Mongolia and the southern borderlands of Siberia and established the Mongol Empire. In 1207, he sent his eldest son Jochi to conquer the Siberian "Forest People", namely the Uriankhai, the Oirats, the Barga, the Khakas, the Buryats, the Tuvans, the Khori-Tumed [], Ursut, Qabqanas, Tubas, Kem-Kemjuit, the Yenisei Kyrgyz ...
In either late 1208 or early 1209, as part of the conquest of Siberia, a Mongol expedition commanded by Genghis Khan's oldest son, Jochi, met the Merkits and Naimans at a branch of the Irtysh. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The Merkit commander Toqto'a was killed in action, and many of his soldiers drowned in the river attempting to flee.
Jochi's mother, Börte, was born into the Onggirat tribe, who lived along the Greater Khingan mountain range south of the Ergüne river, in modern-day Inner Mongolia. [2] At the age of ten, she was betrothed to a Mongol boy named Temüjin, son of the Mongol chieftain Yesugei.
The presence of the Merkit and Naimans there posed a threat to the new empire, and Genghis did not give them long to foment opposition. [8] [11] The other goal was to subjugate what the Mongols referred to as the "Forest People". [11] Jochi, the oldest son of Genghis, led the expedition. [8]
This is a complete list of khans of the Ulus of Jochi, better known by its later Russian designation as the Golden Horde, in its right (west) wing and left (east) wing divisions known problematically as the Blue Horde and White Horde, [1] and of its main successor state during a period of disintegration, known as the Great Horde.
The Khan's firstborn Jochi was sent northwards to capture cities along the Syr Darya, while the top generals Subutai and Jebe were sent southwards into the Fergana Valley with a small force. Genghis himself took his youngest son Tolui and, aided by local guides, disappeared into the Kyzyl Kum desert to launch a surprise attack on Bukhara.
[8] [9] The army also included a corps of Chinese siege engineers. [10] Genghis Khan was a charismatic, inelegant and experienced leader, his sons Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei and Tolui were competent generals, and he was also served by brilliant generals like Jebe and Subutai, adept in employing flexible and innovative tactics. [11] [12]
An insurgency leader named Muhammad al-Marghani twice attacked the camp Genghis Khan accommodated at Baghlan and returned with some loot. As a response, Genghis Khan sent a large army under Ögedei back to Ghazni. [63] Genghis Khan appointed Yelü Ahai to restore Mongol sovereignty order in Samarkand and Bukhara.