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[59] [60] Accordingly, overexpression of COX-2 in mammary gland tissue produces mammary gland hyperplasia as well as precocious mammary gland development in female mice, mirroring the phenotype of VDR knockout mice, and demonstrating a strong stimulatory effect of COX-2, which is downregulated by VDR activation, on the growth of the mammary glands.
The mix of hormones characteristic of early pregnancy promote natural growth of maternal tissues and weight gain. [15] In the second half of pregnancy, progesterone and prolactin prepare the mammary glands for lactation. [16]
A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in humans and other mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring.Mammals get their name from the Latin word mamma, "breast".The mammary glands are arranged in organs such as the breasts in primates (for example, humans and chimpanzees), the udder in ruminants (for example, cows, goats, sheep, and deer), and the dugs of other animals (for example, dogs ...
For pubescent girls in thelarche (the breast-development stage), the female sex hormones (principally estrogens) in conjunction with growth hormone promote the sprouting, growth, and development of the breasts. During this time, the mammary glands grow in size and volume and begin resting on the chest.
After birth, neohormones play a major role in development of mammary glands and their function. [7] Alongside, neohormones have also been measured to be a significant component of breast milk. [ 2 ] The so-called lactocrine hypothesis dictates that breast milk does not simply fulfil nutritional requirements but also plays an important role in ...
The number for prolactin cells in a pregnant female will increase to allow for breast tissue development. Prolactin is involved in the maturation of mammary glands and their secretion of milk in association with oxytocin, estrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoids, and others. Prolactin has numerous other effects in both sexes.
It helps in the development of the mammary glands for milk production post-childbirth. [18] Additionally, with estrogen and progesterone, hPL helps in growing alveolar for lactogenesis. [17] Acting as a growth hormone it facilitates fetal development by boosting protein synthesis and cellular growth. [19]
However, the relative affinities of hPL and prolactin for the human prolactin receptor have yet to be published and the effects of hPL on normal human mammary epithelial tissue have not yet been investigated, and so a definitive role of hPL in human mammary gland development during pregnancy has not been established at present. [6]