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  2. Patterns in nature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature

    Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world. ... (1571–1630) pointed out the presence of the Fibonacci sequence in nature, ...

  3. Phyllotaxis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllotaxis

    This phyllotactic pattern creates an optical effect of criss-crossing spirals. In the botanical literature, these designs are described by the number of counter-clockwise spirals and the number of clockwise spirals. These also turn out to be Fibonacci numbers. In some cases, the numbers appear to be multiples of Fibonacci numbers because the ...

  4. Fibonacci sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence

    The Fibonacci numbers were first described in Indian mathematics as early as 200 BC in work by Pingala on enumerating possible patterns of Sanskrit poetry formed from syllables of two lengths. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] They are named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, also known as Fibonacci , who introduced the sequence to Western ...

  5. Logarithmic spiral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral

    The nerves of the cornea (this is, corneal nerves of the subepithelial layer terminate near superficial epithelial layer of the cornea in a logarithmic spiral pattern). [12] The bands of tropical cyclones, such as hurricanes. [13] Many biological structures including the shells of mollusks. [14]

  6. List of spirals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spirals

    Approximations of this are found in nature Fibonacci spiral: circular arcs connecting the opposite corners of squares in the Fibonacci tiling: approximation of the golden spiral golden spiral = special case of the logarithmic spiral Spiral of Theodorus (also known as Pythagorean spiral)

  7. Spiral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral

    Approximations of this are found in nature. Spirals which do not fit into this scheme of the first 5 examples: A Cornu spiral has two asymptotic points. The spiral of Theodorus is a polygon. The Fibonacci Spiral consists of a sequence of circle arcs. The involute of a circle looks like an Archimedean, but is not: see Involute#Examples.

  8. Golden spiral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_spiral

    A Fibonacci spiral approximates the golden spiral using quarter-circle arcs inscribed in squares derived from the Fibonacci sequence. A golden spiral with initial radius 1 is the locus of points of polar coordinates ( r , θ ) {\displaystyle (r,\theta )} satisfying r = φ 2 θ / π , {\displaystyle r=\varphi ^{2\theta /\pi },} where φ ...

  9. Tessellation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation

    Many patterns in nature are formed by cracks in sheets of materials. These patterns can be described by Gilbert tessellations, [85] also known as random crack networks. [86] The Gilbert tessellation is a mathematical model for the formation of mudcracks, needle-like crystals, and similar structures.