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The Newton scale is a temperature scale devised by Isaac Newton in 1701. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] He called his device a " thermometer ", but he did not use the term "temperature", speaking of "degrees of heat" ( gradus caloris ) instead.
In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit creates a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer. [2] In 1742, Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, proposed the 'centigrade' temperature scale, the predecessor of the current Celsius scale. [3] In 1783, the first hair hygrometer is demonstrated by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure.
Hygrometer for measuring humidity; Anemometer for measuring wind speed; Pyranometer for measuring solar radiation; Rain gauge for measuring liquid precipitation over a set period of time; Wind sock for measuring general wind speed and wind direction; Wind vane (also called a weather vane or a weathercock) for showing the wind direction
Also actiniform. Describing a collection of low-lying, radially structured clouds with distinct shapes (resembling leaves or wheels in satellite imagery), and typically organized in extensive mesoscale fields over marine environments. They are closely related to and sometimes considered a variant of stratocumulus clouds. actinometer A scientific instrument used to measure the heating power of ...
Such temperature scales that are purely based on measurement are called empirical temperature scales. The second law of thermodynamics provides a fundamental, natural definition of thermodynamic temperature starting with a null point of absolute zero. A scale for thermodynamic temperature is established similarly to the empirical temperature ...
Pyrometers principle: temperature dependence of spectral intensity of light (Planck's law), i.e. the color of the light relates to the temperature of its source, range: from about −50 °C to +4000 °C, note: measurement of thermal radiation (instead of thermal conduction, or thermal convection) means: no physical contact becomes necessary in ...
Under some conditions heat from the measuring instrument can cause a temperature gradient, so the measured temperature is different from the actual temperature of the system. In such a case the measured temperature will vary not only with the temperature of the system, but also with the heat transfer properties of the system.
1742 — Anders Celsius proposed a temperature scale in which 100 represented the temperature of melting ice and 0 represented the boiling point of water at 25 inches and 3 lines of barometric mercury height. [8] This corresponds to 751.16 mm, [9] so that on the present-day definition, this boiling point is 99.67 degrees Celsius. [10]