Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations: the "batch house", the "hot end", and the "cold end". The batch house handles the raw materials; the hot end handles the manufacture proper—the forehearth, forming machines, and annealing ovens; and the cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging equipment.
In manufacturing, glass-ceramics are valued for having the strength of ceramic but the hermetic sealing properties of glass. Glass-ceramics are mostly produced in two steps: First, a glass is formed by a glass-manufacturing process, after which the glass is cooled down. Second, the glass is put through a controlled heat treatment schedule.
The process of heat transfer from one place to another place without the movement of particles is called conduction, such as when placing a hand on a cold glass of water—heat is conducted from the warm skin to the cold glass, but if the hand is held a few inches from the glass, little conduction would occur since air is a poor conductor of heat.
The Fourcault process is a method of manufacturing plate glass. First developed in Belgium by Émile Fourcault [ fr ] (1862–1919) during the early 1900s, the process was used globally. Fourcault is an example of a "vertical draw" process, in that the glass is drawn against gravity in an upward direction. [ 1 ]
According to the United States Department of Energy, in 2018 process heat accounted for approximately 50% of energy use in the manufacturing sector, as well as 30% of Greenhouse gas emissions. [1] Accordingly, it is the target of significant efforts to introduce new forms of carbon neutral or at least lower carbon process heat supplies.
The combustion temperature, and therefore the heat transfer, is higher and the volume of gas to be heated is lower. However, oxygen-fired glass furnaces are usually not viable for the production of bulk glass, such as hollow and flat glass, due to the high cost of oxygen production. There are many different types of glass melting furnaces.
There are two methods of applying the Low-E coating to the glazing: Hard Coat and Soft Coat. Hard Coat is applied either in or directly after the tin bath in the float glass manufacturing process. This produces a coating which is very durable and inexpensive, as it is added during the existing production process.
The overall heat transfer coefficient takes into account the individual heat transfer coefficients of each stream and the resistance of the pipe material. It can be calculated as the reciprocal of the sum of a series of thermal resistances (but more complex relationships exist, for example when heat transfer takes place by different routes in ...