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Uterine hyperplasia, or enlarged uterus, is a medical symptom in which the volume and size of the uterus in a female is abnormally high. It can be a symptom of medical conditions such as adenomyosis , uterine fibroids , ovarian cysts , and endometrial cancer .
Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition of excessive proliferation of the cells of the endometrium, or inner lining of the uterus.. Most cases of endometrial hyperplasia result from high levels of estrogens, combined with insufficient levels of the progesterone-like hormones which ordinarily counteract estrogen's proliferative effects on this tissue.
Adenomyosis is a medical condition characterized by the growth of cells that proliferate on the inside of the uterus (endometrium) atypically located among the cells of the uterine wall , [2] as a result, thickening of the uterus occurs. As well as being misplaced in patients with this condition, endometrial tissue is completely functional.
Endometrial cancer appears most frequently during perimenopause (the period just before, just after, and during menopause), between the ages of 50 and 65; [20] overall, 75% of endometrial cancer occurs after menopause. [2] Women younger than 40 make up 5% of endometrial cancer cases and 10–15% of cases occur in women under 50 years of age.
A stronger suppression of testosterone levels was observed in men following daily treatment with a combined oral contraceptive containing 50 μg ethinylestradiol and 0.5 mg norgestrel for 9 days. [8] However, investigation revealed that the progestin was the more important component responsible for the suppression in testosterone levels. [ 8 ]
Other treatments target the underlying cause of the hematometra; for example, a hysteroscopy may be required to resect adhesions that have developed following a previous surgery. [1] If the cause of the hematometra is unclear, a biopsy of endometrial tissue can be taken to test for the presence of a neoplasm (cancer). [ 5 ]
Risk of VTE with estrogen and progestogen therapy is highest at the start of treatment, particularly during the first year, and decreases over time. [ 89 ] [ 123 ] Older age , higher body weight , lower physical activity , and smoking are all associated with a higher risk of VTE with oral estrogen and progestogen therapy.
Treatment may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. [1] [2] Just over 80% of women survive more than 5 years following diagnosis. [8] In 2015 about 3.8 million women were affected globally and it resulted in 90,000 deaths.