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  2. Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy_during_the...

    Reconstruction of Ötzi's copper axe (c. 3300 BCE). The Copper Age, also called the Eneolithic or the Chalcolithic Age, has been traditionally understood as a transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, in which a gradual introduction of the metal (native copper) took place, while stone was still the main resource utilized.

  3. Chalcolithic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic

    The transition from Copper Age to Bronze Age in Europe occurred between the late 5th and the late 3rd millennium BC. In the Ancient Near East the Copper Age covered about the same period, beginning in the late 5th millennium BC and lasting for about a millennium before it gave rise to the Early Bronze Age. [5]

  4. Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre...

    Sican tumi, or ceremonial knife, Peru, 850–1500 CE. Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America is the extraction, purification and alloying of metals and metal crafting by Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to European contact in the late 15th century.

  5. Three-age system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-age_system

    Jōmon pottery, Japanese Stone Age Trundholm sun chariot, Nordic Bronze Age Iron Age house keys Cave of Letters, Nahal Hever Canyon, Israel Museum, Jerusalem. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory (with some overlap into the historical periods in a few regions) into three time-periods: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, [1] [2] although the concept may ...

  6. Chalcolithic Europe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe

    The Chalcolithic (also Eneolithic, Copper Age) period of Prehistoric Europe lasted roughly from 5000 to 2000 BC, developing from the preceding Neolithic period and followed by the Bronze Age. It was a period of Megalithic culture, the appearance of the first significant economic stratification, and probably the earliest presence of Indo ...

  7. Metals of antiquity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals_of_antiquity

    German amulet to protect against disease (18th century); it is made from an alloy of the seven alchemical metals: lead, tin, iron, gold, copper, mercury and silver. Metal production in the ancient Middle East. The metals of antiquity are the seven metals which humans had identified and found use for in prehistoric times in Africa, Europe and ...

  8. Mining and metallurgy in medieval Europe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_and_metallurgy_in...

    This fact, correlated with the dramatic decrease in copper production, may indicate a possible displacement of copper and bronze artifacts by iron ones (Forbes 1957, 64; Bayley et al. 2008, 50). By the end of the 9th century, economic, and social conditions dictated a greater need for metal for agriculture, arms, stirrups, and decoration ...

  9. Tin sources and trade during antiquity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade...

    The addition of a second metal to copper increases its hardness, lowers the melting temperature, and improves the casting process by producing a more fluid melt that cools to a denser, less spongy metal. [6] This was an important innovation that allowed for the much more complex shapes cast in closed molds of the Bronze Age.

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