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Lithology is the basis of subdividing rock sequences into individual lithostratigraphic units for the purposes of mapping and correlation between areas. In certain applications, such as site investigations , lithology is described using a standard terminology such as in the European geotechnical standard Eurocode 7 .
Lithostratigraphic units are recognized and defined on the basis of observable physical rock characteristics. The lithology of a unit includes characteristics such as chemical and mineralogical composition, texture, color, primary depositional structures, fossils regarded as rock-forming particles, or other organic materials such as coal or ...
Units of formation or higher rank are usually named for the unit's type location, and the formal name usually also states the unit's rank or lithology. A lithostratigraphic unit may have a change in rank over a some distance; a group may thin to a formation in another region and a formation may reduce in rank for member or bed as it "pinches out".
Lithology is a study of bedrock that occurs at a specific location. The strata may contain fossils which aid in determining how old they are and geologist's understanding of sequence and timing. Geologists group together similar lithologies, and call these larger sedimentary sequence formations .
The Summerville Formation is composed of alternating thin beds of two lithologies, mudstone and sandstone, penetrated by veins of a third lithology, gypsum. The boundaries of a formation are chosen to give it the greatest practical lithological consistency. Formations should not be defined by any criteria other than lithology.
The term Seismic stratigraphy was introduced in 1977 by Vail [2] as an integrated stratigraphic and sedimentologic technique to interpret seismic reflection data for stratigraphic correlation and to predict depositional environments and lithology. This technique was initially employed for petroleum exploration and subsequently evolved into ...
Sample data: Location Longitude and latitude coordinates are often included in sample description so that spatial analysis can be conducted. Host rock lithology Rock/ sediment type of the sample taken. They can be either lithified rocks (e.g. sandstone, siltstone and mudstone) or unconsolidated sediments (e.g. river sediments and placer deposits)
a mud-supported carbonate lithology containing >10% grains. Packstone a grain-supported fabric containing 1% or more mud-grade fraction. Grainstone a grain-supported carbonate rock with <1% mud. Recognising that these classes did not encompass all carbonate lithologies, Dunham defined two additional classes within his scheme: Boundstone