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Many Kirtan are structured for more audience participation, where the singer calls a spiritual chant, a hymn, a mantra or a theme, the audience then responds back by repeating the chant or by chanting back a reply of their shared beliefs. [30] [31] A Bhajan, in contrast, is either experienced in silence or a "sing along". [27] [32]
The oral tradition of the Vedas consists of several pathas, "recitations" or ways of chanting the Vedic mantras.Such traditions of Vedic chant are often considered the oldest unbroken oral tradition in existence, the fixation of the Vedic texts as preserved dating to roughly the time of Homer (early Iron Age).
In 2003, Uttal began the first of several recordings focused on the practice of bhakti yoga (kirtan) for the Sounds True label. These have included: Kirtan! The Art and Practice of Ecstatic Chant, Music for Yoga and Other Joys, Loveland, Dial M for Mantra, and Pranayama, a collaboration with his wife, yoga teacher and bhakti dancer, Nubia Teixeira.
The Yoga Sutras were compiled around 400 CE by Patanjali, taking materials about yoga from older traditions. [36] The text has been highly influential on Indian culture and spiritual traditions, and it is among the most translated ancient Indian text in the medieval era, having been translated into about forty Indian languages.
Shiva statue, Shree Muktananda Ashram, New York. Siddha Yoga is a spiritual path founded by Swami Muktananda (1908–1982). According to its literature, the Siddha Yoga tradition is "based mainly on eastern philosophies" and "draws many of its teachings from the Indian yogic texts of Vedanta and Kashmir Shaivism, the Bhagavad Gita and the poet-saints."
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The first well known figure to promote Buddhist music in China was the translator Zhi Qian, who complied Sung Chants for Sakra Accompanied by Qin Music (Dishi yuerenban zheqin gebai). [62] Most of this early Buddhist music were solemn chants and had no instrumental accompaniment. [62]
The Rigveda or Rig Veda (Sanskrit: ऋग्वेद, IAST: ṛgveda, from ऋच्, "praise" [2] and वेद, "knowledge") is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns (sūktas).