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  2. Brewster's angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster's_angle

    An illustration of the polarization of light that is incident on an interface at Brewster's angle. Brewster's angle (also known as the polarization angle) is an angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric surface, with no reflection.

  3. Refractive index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index

    This is the normal refraction of transparent materials like glass or water, and corresponds to a refractive index which is real and greater than 1. [26] [page needed] If the electrons emit a light wave which is 270° out of phase with the light wave shaking them, it will cause the wave to travel faster.

  4. Fermat's principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_principle

    Fig. 1: Fermat's principle in the case of refraction of light at a flat surface between (say) air and water. Given an object-point A in the air, and an observation point B in the water, the refraction point P is that which minimizes the time taken by the light to travel the path APB.

  5. Corpuscular theory of light - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpuscular_theory_of_light

    He dismissed Descartes' theory of light because he rejected Descartes’ understanding of space, which derived from it. [8] With the publication of Opticks in 1704, [ 9 ] Newton for the first time took a clear position supporting a corpuscular interpretation, though it would fall on his followers to systemise the theory.

  6. Refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction

    Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n 2 > n 1. Since the phase velocity is lower in the second medium ( v 2 < v 1 ), the angle of refraction θ 2 is less than the angle of incidence θ 1 ; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.

  7. Dispersion (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)

    Since that refractive index varies with wavelength, it follows that the angle that the light is refracted by will also vary with wavelength, causing an angular separation of the colors known as angular dispersion. For visible light, refraction indices n of most transparent materials (e.g., air, glasses) decrease with increasing wavelength λ:

  8. Atmospheric refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_refraction

    Diagram showing displacement of the Sun's image at sunrise and sunset Comparison of inferior and superior mirages due to differing air refractive indices, n. Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height. [1]

  9. Refractometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractometer

    Standard refractometers measure the extent of light refraction (as part of a refractive index) of transparent substances in either a liquid this is then used in order to identify a liquid sample, analyze the sample's purity, and determine the amount or concentration of dissolved substances within the sample.