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Poliomyelitis (/ ˌ p oʊ l i oʊ ˌ m aɪ ə ˈ l aɪ t ɪ s / POH-lee-oh-MY-ə-LY-tiss), commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. [1] Approximately 75% of cases are asymptomatic; [5] mild symptoms which can occur include sore throat and fever; in a proportion of cases more severe symptoms develop such as headache, neck stiffness, and paresthesia.
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An Egyptian stele thought to represent a person with polio. 18th Dynasty (1403–1365 BC).. The history of polio (poliomyelitis) infections began during prehistory.Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the 20th century, [1] the disease has caused paralysis and death for much of human history.
Paralytic poliomyelitis occurs in less than 1% of poliovirus infections. Paralytic disease occurs when the virus enters the central nervous system (CNS) and replicates in motor neurons within the spinal cord, brain stem, or motor cortex, resulting in the selective destruction of motor neurons leading to temporary or permanent paralysis.
Post-polio syndrome (PPS, poliomyelitis sequelae) is a group of latent symptoms of poliomyelitis (polio), occurring at about a 25–40% rate (latest data greater than 80%). They are caused by the damaging effects of the viral infection on the nervous system and typically occur 15 to 30 years after an initial acute paralytic attack.
Sarcoidosis: This systemic inflammatory disease can affect the eyes and skin, leading to poliosis, particularly in patients with uveitis. [8] Neoplasms and medication-induced poliosis: Poliosis has been associated with melanocytic lesions such as congenital or acquired nevi and melanoma.
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Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of the disease in ancient art. [1] The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by the English physician Michael Underwood in 1789, [1] and the virus that causes it was first identified in 1908 by the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner.