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The zipper system, also known as "vertical parity" or the "zebra system", [ 1][ 2] is an electoral mechanism intended to enforce gender parity in countries using party-list proportional representation with closed lists. It requires that parties alternate between candidates of either gender on their candidate lists, meaning that 50% of the ...
e. The School of Diplomacy ( simplified Chinese: 纵 横 家; traditional Chinese: 縱橫家; pinyin: Zōng héng Jiā ), or the School of Vertical and Horizontal Alliances was a political and diplomatic clique during the Warring States period of Chinese history (476-220 BCE). According to the Book of Han, the school was one of the Nine Schools ...
Multi-level governance. Multi-level (or multilevel) governance is a term used to describe the way power is spread vertically between levels of government and horizontally across multiple quasi-government and non-governmental organizations and actors. [ 1] This situation develops because countries have multiple levels of government including ...
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (/ ˈ h ʊ s ɜːr l / HUUSS-url, [14] [15] [16] US also / ˈ h ʊ s ər əl / HUUSS-ər-əl, [17] German: [ˈɛtmʊnt ˈhʊsɐl]; [18] 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938 [19]) was an Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who established the school of phenomenology.
A vertical datum is a reference surface for vertical positions, such as the elevations of Earth features including terrain, bathymetry, water level, and human-made structures. An approximate definition of sea level is the datum WGS 84 , an ellipsoid , whereas a more accurate definition is Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), using at least ...
In microeconomics, management and international political economy, vertical integration, also referred to as vertical consolidation, is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products ...
In the three-dimensional case, the situation is more complicated as now one has horizontal and vertical planes in addition to horizontal and vertical lines. Consider a point P and designate a direction through P as vertical. A plane which contains P and is normal to the designated direction is the horizontal plane at P.
A fiscal imbalance emerges when sub-national governments have different abilities to raise funds from their tax bases and to provide services. This creates differences in ‘net fiscal benefits’, which are a combination of levels of taxation and public services. It is these NFBs which are the main cause of horizontal fiscal disparities that ...