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The reduction of nitro compounds are chemical reactions of wide interest in organic chemistry. The conversion can be effected by many reagents. The nitro group was one of the first functional groups to be reduced. Alkyl and aryl nitro compounds behave differently. Most useful is the reduction of aryl nitro compounds.
The Béchamp reduction (or Béchamp process) is a chemical reaction that converts aromatic nitro compounds to their corresponding anilines using iron as the reductant: [1] 4 C 6 H 5 NO 2 + 9 Fe + 4 H 2 O → 4 C 6 H 5 NH 2 + 3 Fe 3 O 4. This reaction was once a major route to aniline, but catalytic hydrogenation is the preferred method. [2]
Aromatic monosubstituted and asymmetrically disubstituted hydrazines are poorly soluble in water, less basic and weaker reducing agents. For the preparation of aliphatic hydrazines, the reaction of hydrazine with alkylating compounds such as alkyl halides is used, or by reduction of nitroso derivatives.
Nitro compounds participate in several organic reactions, the most important being reduction of nitro compounds to the corresponding amines: RNO 2 + 3 H 2 → RNH 2 + 2 H 2 O. Virtually all aromatic amines (e.g. aniline) are derived from nitroaromatics through such catalytic hydrogenation.
Zinin reaction or Zinin reduction involves reduction of nitro aromatic compounds to the amines using sodium sulfide. [1] It is used to convert nitrobenzenes to anilines. [2] [3] The reaction selectively reduces nitro groups in the presence of other easily reduced functional groups (e.g., aryl halides and C=C bonds) are present in the molecule.
For textile dying, a typical nitro coupling partner would be disodium 4,4′-dinitrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate. Typical aniline partners are shown below. Typical aniline partners are shown below. Since anilines are prepared from nitro compounds, some azo dyes are produced by partial reduction of aromatic nitro compounds.
Nitroso compounds can be prepared by the reduction of nitro compounds [1] or by the oxidation of hydroxylamines. [2] Ortho-nitrosophenols may be produced by the Baudisch reaction. In the Fischer–Hepp rearrangement, aromatic 4-nitrosoanilines are prepared from the corresponding nitrosamines.
The procedure involves first preparing a platinum nitrate which is then heated to expel nitrogen oxides. [3] H 2 PtCl 6 + 6 NaNO 3 → Pt(NO 3) 4 + 6 NaCl (aq) + 2 HNO 3 Pt(NO 3) 4 → PtO 2 + 4 NO 2 + O 2. The resulting brown cake is washed with water to free it from nitrates. The catalyst can either be used as is or dried and stored in a ...