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Aluminium anodizing (eloxal or Electrolytic Oxidation of Aluminium) [12] is usually performed in an acidic solution, typically sulphuric acid or chromic acid, which slowly dissolves the aluminium oxide. The acid action is balanced with the oxidation rate to form a coating with nanopores, 10–150 nm in diameter. [6]
A current passes from the anode, where metal on the surface is oxidised and dissolved in the electrolyte, to the cathode. At the cathode, a reduction reaction occurs, which normally produces hydrogen. Electrolytes used for electropolishing are most often concentrated acid solutions such as mixtures of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.
In this case, ions of the metal to be plated must be replenished (continuously or periodically) in the bath as they are drawn out of the solution. [5] The plating is most commonly a single metallic element, not an alloy. However, some alloys can be electrodeposited, notably brass and solder. Plated "alloys" are not "true alloys" (solid ...
The plating of zinc was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, the electrolytic solution was cyanide-based. A significant innovation occurred in the 1960s with the introduction of the first acid chloride-based electrolyte. [2] The 1980s saw a return to alkaline electrolytes, only this time, without the use of cyanide.
Along with alkaline cyanide, acid copper baths are among the most commonly-used copper plating electrolytes, [10] with industrial applications that include decorative plating, electroforming, rotogravure, and printed circuit board and semiconductor fabrication. [6] [11] Acid sulfate baths contain cupric sulfate as the source of copper(II) ions ...
A phosphate coating is usually obtained by applying to the steel part a dilute solution of phosphoric acid, possibly with soluble iron, zinc, and/or manganese salts. The solution may be applied by sponging, spraying, or immersion. [6] Phosphate conversion coatings can also be used on aluminium, zinc, cadmium, silver and tin. [7] [8]
[2] [3] Processes for producing anodic aluminum oxide membranes using chromic acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, or phosphoric acid appear in a patent attributed to Alan W. Smith of the Boeing Company in 1974. [4] The formation of AAO with highly ordered 2D hexagonal porous structure was first demonstrated in 1995. [5]
The layer is strongly adherent to the metal surface, and it will regrow quickly if scratched off. In conventional anodizing, this layer of oxide is grown on the surface of the metal by the application of electrical potential, while the part is immersed in an acidic electrolyte. In plasma electrolytic oxidation, higher potentials are applied ...
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