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It develops a theory of political science and economics of concentrated benefits versus diffuse costs. Its central argument is that concentrated minor interests will be overrepresented and diffuse majority interests trumped, due to a free-rider problem that is stronger when a group becomes larger.
Costs are diffused while benefits are concentrated. The voices of vocal minorities with much to gain are heard over those of indifferent majorities with little to individually lose. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] But the notion that groups with concentrated interests dominate politics is incomplete because it is only one half of political equilibrium.
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The problem is that benefits of a vote only reach a particular portion of the population, while the tax costs that pay for the vote are spread throughout the entire populace, especially when the act depends on revenue from sales or income taxes. Benefits are concentrated in localities, and the costs are dispersed throughout the nation.
A distributed cost is a cost that is spread over many individuals, transactions, or users, rather than being concentrated on few of these. The term can be used generally of costs that are naturally distributed; it is also a specific accounting term for total costs that are calculated to include a fair share of indirect costs.
The theory of client politics is related to that of rent-seeking and political failure; client politics "occurs when most or all of the benefits of a program go to some single, reasonably small interest (e.g., industry, profession, or locality) but most or all of the costs will be borne by a large number of people (for example, all taxpayers)". [3]
As of July 1, 2023, a month’s supply of Part B-covered insulin for a pump can’t cost you more than $35; the Part B deductible won’t apply. Normally, Medicare doesn’t pay for eyeglasses.
According to many, distributive politics must be in some way disaggregable. [3] [4] [7] [8] That is, the legislation must be able to be broken down into multiple benefits dispersed among recipients and “what is being distributed can be dispensed in small units”. [7]