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A molecular switch is a molecule that can be switched between two or more stable or metastable states with the use of any external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) stimuli, such as changes in pH, light, temperature, an electric current, a microenvironment, or in the presence of ions, and other ligands.
The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. [1] For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase , is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding ...
A photoswitch is a type of molecule that can change its structural geometry and chemical properties upon irradiation with electromagnetic radiation.Although often used interchangeably with the term molecular machine, a switch does not perform work upon a change in its shape whereas a machine does. [1]
Molecular machines are a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical movements in response to specific stimuli, mimicking macromolecular devices such as switches and motors.
Mechanism of class-switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells. Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG. [1]
GTPases function as molecular switches or timers in many fundamental cellular processes. [2] Examples of these roles include: Signal transduction in response to activation of cell surface receptors, including transmembrane receptors such as those mediating taste, smell and vision. [2] Protein biosynthesis (a.k.a. translation) at the ribosome.
The two switch motifs, G2 (SW1) and G3 (SW2), are the main parts of the protein that move when GTP is hydrolyzed into GDP. This conformational change by the two switch motifs is what mediates the basic functionality as a molecular switch protein. This GTP-bound state of Ras is the "on" state, and the GDP-bound state is the "off" state.
KRAS acts as a molecular on/off switch, using protein dynamics.Once it is allosterically activated, it recruits and activates proteins necessary for the propagation of growth factors, as well as other cell signaling receptors like c-Raf and PI 3-kinase.