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To define such a function, we need a point x ∈ X and a function N × X → X. The set of finite lists of natural numbers is an initial algebra for this functor. The point is the empty list, and the function is cons, taking a number and a finite list, and returning a new finite list with the number at the head.
Diagram of a function Diagram of a relation that is not a function. One reason is that 2 is the first element in more than one ordered pair. Another reason is that neither 3 nor 4 are the first element (input) of any ordered pair therein. The above definition of a function is essentially that of the founders of calculus, Leibniz, Newton and Euler.
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of ...
The mathematical definition of an elementary function, or a function in elementary form, is considered in the context of differential algebra. A differential algebra is an algebra with the extra operation of derivation (algebraic version of differentiation).
Thomae's function: is a function that is continuous at all irrational numbers and discontinuous at all rational numbers. It is also a modification of Dirichlet function and sometimes called Riemann function. Kronecker delta function: is a function of two variables, usually integers, which is 1 if they are equal, and 0 otherwise.
In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories.Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and maps between these algebraic objects are associated to continuous maps between spaces.
The algebra (, [,]) in the above example is an initial algebra. Various finite data structures used in programming , such as lists and trees , can be obtained as initial algebras of specific endofunctors.
The function () = + (shown in red) has the fixed points 0, 1, and 2. In mathematics, a fixed point (sometimes shortened to fixpoint), also known as an invariant point, is a value that does not change under a given transformation.
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