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In contrast to progestins, the addition of oral progesterone to either oral or transdermal estrogen therapy is not associated with a higher risk of VTE. [92] [122] However, oral progesterone achieves very low progesterone levels and has relatively weak progestogenic effects, which might be responsible for the absence of increase in VTE risk. [122]
Laboratory studies have suggested that bioidentical progesterone binds primarily to progesterone receptors, while synthetic progestins activate other receptors with a variety of effects. The editors suggested that progesterone may have neutral to positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and induce apoptosis in breast epithelial cells.
Unlike the case of testosterone and estradiol, progesterone cannot be esterified as it lacks hydroxyl groups, so all progestogen esters, with the exception of esters of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone like hydroxyprogesterone caproate, are esters of progestins (synthetic progestogens) and are non-bioidentical.
This is a list of progestogens (progesterone and progestins) and formulations that are approved by the FDA Tooltip Food and Drug Administration in the United States. Progestogens are used as hormonal contraceptives, in hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms, and in the treatment of gynecological disorders. [medical citation needed]
17α-Acetoxy-6-chloro-1,6-didehydro-progesterone Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate) 17α-Acetoxy-9α-fluoro-11β-hydroxyprogesterone Flumedroxone acetate: 17α-Acetoxy-6α-(trifluoromethyl)progesterone Hydroxyprogesterone acetate: 17α-Acetoxyprogesterone Hydroxyprogesterone caproate: 17α-Hexanoxyprogesterone Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate
Synthetic conjugated estrogens (Cenestin, Enjuvia) [1] – 0.3 mg, 0.45 mg, 0.625 mg, 0.9 mg, 1.25 mg Atypical (dual estrogen and nitrogen mustard alkylating antineoplastic ): Estramustine phosphate sodium (Emcyt) – 140 mg
Progesterone (P4), sold under the brand name Prometrium among others, is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. [20] It is a progestogen and is used in combination with estrogens mainly in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women.
Progestogens, also sometimes written progestins, progestagens or gestagens, [1] are a class of natural or synthetic steroid hormones that bind to and activate the progesterone receptors (PR). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Progesterone is the major and most important progestogen in the body.
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