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In thermodynamics, an exothermic process (from Ancient Greek έξω (éxō) 'outward' and θερμικός (thermikós) 'thermal') [1] is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, [2] usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a ...
The reduction of iron (III) oxide by aluminium releases sufficient heat to yield molten iron. In thermochemistry, an exothermic reaction is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change Δ H ⚬ is negative." [1][2] Exothermic reactions usually release heat. The term is often confused with exergonic reaction, which IUPAC defines as ...
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. [1] When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions ...
The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical reaction is independent of the sequence of steps taken. [1] [2] Hess' law is now understood as an expression of the fact that the enthalpy of a chemical process is independent of the path taken from the initial to the final state (i.e. enthalpy is a state ...
The Boudouard reaction, named after Octave Leopold Boudouard, is the redox reaction of a chemical equilibrium mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at a given temperature. It is the disproportionation of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and graphite or its reverse: [1] 2CO ⇌ CO. 2 + C. Boudouard-Equilibrium at 1 bar calculated with ...
The water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) describes the reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen: CO + H 2 O ⇌ CO 2 + H 2. The water gas shift reaction was discovered by Italian physicist Felice Fontana in 1780. It was not until much later that the industrial value of this reaction was realized.
In chemistry, a chemical transport reaction describes a process for purification and crystallization of non- volatile solids. [1] The process is also responsible for certain aspects of mineral growth from the effluent of volcanoes. The technique is distinct from chemical vapor deposition, which usually entails decomposition of molecular ...
The Born–Haber cycle is an approach to analyze reaction energies. It was named after two German scientists, Max Born and Fritz Haber, who developed it in 1919. [1][2][3] It was also independently formulated by Kasimir Fajans [4] and published concurrently in the same journal. [1] The cycle is concerned with the formation of an ionic compound ...