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In the case of two nested square roots, the following theorem completely solves the problem of denesting. [2]If a and c are rational numbers and c is not the square of a rational number, there are two rational numbers x and y such that + = if and only if is the square of a rational number d.
The ratios between areas or perimeters of consecutive polygons in the sequence give the terms of Viète's formula. Viète obtained his formula by comparing the areas of regular polygons with 2n and 2n + 1 sides inscribed in a circle. [1][2] The first term in the product, , is the ratio of areas of a square and an octagon, the second term is the ...
Exact trigonometric values. In mathematics, the values of the trigonometric functions can be expressed approximately, as in , or exactly, as in . While trigonometric tables contain many approximate values, the exact values for certain angles can be expressed by a combination of arithmetic operations and square roots.
e. In integral calculus, integration by reduction formulae is a method relying on recurrence relations. It is used when an expression containing an integer parameter, usually in the form of powers of elementary functions, or products of transcendental functions and polynomials of arbitrary degree, can't be integrated directly.
The most general power rule is the functional power rule: for any functions f and g, {\displaystyle (f^ {g})'=\left (e^ {g\ln f}\right)'=f^ {g}\left (f' {g \over f}+g'\ln f\right),\quad } wherever both sides are well defined. Special cases. If , then when a is any non-zero real number and x is positive.
Cube root. In mathematics, a cube root of a number x is a number y such that y3 = x. All nonzero real numbers have exactly one real cube root and a pair of complex conjugate cube roots, and all nonzero complex numbers have three distinct complex cube roots. For example, the real cube root of 8, denoted , is 2, because 23 = 8, while the other ...
In numerical analysis, the Newton–Raphson method, also known simply as Newton's method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real -valued function. The most basic version starts with a real-valued function f, its derivative f ...
In mathematics (specifically multivariable calculus), a multiple integral is a definite integral of a function of several real variables, for instance, f(x, y) or f(x, y, z). Integrals of a function of two variables over a region in (the real-number plane) are called double integrals, and integrals of a function of three variables over a region ...