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  2. Pygostyle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygostyle

    Pigeon skeleton with "plowshare"-type pygostyle (number 17) Confuciusornis sanctus with "rod"-type pygostyle and the two central tail feathers Pygostyle describes a skeletal condition in which the final few caudal vertebrae are fused into a single ossification , supporting the tail feathers and musculature.

  3. Bird anatomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy

    Bird anatomy, or the physiological structure of birds' bodies, shows many unique adaptations, mostly aiding flight. Birds have a light skeletal system and light but powerful musculature which, along with circulatory and respiratory systems capable of very high metabolic rates and oxygen supply, permit the bird to fly.

  4. Category:Bird anatomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bird_anatomy

    Main page; Contents; Current events; Random article; About Wikipedia; Contact us; Pages for logged out editors learn more

  5. Surface anatomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_anatomy

    Surface anatomy (also called superficial anatomy and visual anatomy) is the study of the external features of the body of an animal. [1] In birds , this is termed topography . Surface anatomy deals with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissection .

  6. Bird feet and legs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_feet_and_legs

    The anatomy of bird legs and feet is diverse, encompassing many accommodations to perform a wide variety of functions. [1]Most birds are classified as digitigrade animals, meaning they walk on their toes rather than the entire foot.

  7. Confuciusornis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciusornis

    The authors concluded that the meaning of the observed distributions of both the tail feathers and the body size remains contentious. [20] Chiappe and colleagues, in their 2008 study, concluded that limb bones growth was almost isometric, meaning that skeletal proportions did not change during growth. [15]

  8. Keel (bird anatomy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_(bird_anatomy)

    This stylised bird skeleton highlights the keel bone. A keel or carina (pl.: carinae) in bird anatomy is an extension of the sternum (breastbone) which runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs.

  9. Alula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alula

    The alula / ˈ æ l j ʊ l ə /, or bastard wing, (plural alulae) is a small projection on the anterior edge of the wing of modern birds and a few non-avian dinosaurs. The word is Latin and means "winglet"; it is the diminutive of ala, meaning "wing".