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Water containing these minerals is known as "hard water". [citation needed] When hard water is heated in a plumbing system, carbon dioxide goes out of solution, and bicarbonates become carbonates, which are much less soluble. The carbonates bind to plumbing surfaces providing seed crystals for further crystal growth, which build up as hard scale.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), also called EDTA acid after its own abbreviation, is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH 2 N(CH 2 CO 2 H) 2] 2.This white, slightly water-soluble solid is widely used to bind to iron (Fe 2+ /Fe 3+) and calcium ions (Ca 2+), forming water-soluble complexes even at neutral pH.
In water solutions, the carbamate anion slowly equilibrates with the ammonium NH + 4 cation and the carbonate CO 2− 3 or bicarbonate HCO − 3 anions: [3] [4] [5] H 2 NCO − 2 + 2 H 2 O ⇌ NH + 4 + HCO − 3 + OH − H 2 NCO − 2 + H 2 O ⇌ NH + 4 + CO 2− 3. Calcium carbamate is soluble in water, whereas calcium carbonate is not.
Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals) is the inorganic compound with the formula Na 2 CO 3 and its various hydrates.All forms are white, odourless, water-soluble salts that yield alkaline solutions in water.
Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C. Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.
Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia. About 80,000 tons/year were produced as of 1997. 2 NH 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 → [NH 4] 2 CO 3 [2] An orthorhombic ammonium carbonate monohydrate is known ([NH 4] 2 CO 3 ·H 2 O). It crystallizes in an ammonia solution exposed in a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere. [3]
Infobox references. Ammonium bicarbonate is an inorganic compound with formula (NH 4)HCO 3. The compound has many names, reflecting its long history. Chemically speaking, it is the bicarbonate salt of the ammonium ion. It is a colourless solid that degrades readily to carbon dioxide, water and ammonia.
Infobox references. Potassium carbonate is the inorganic compound with the formula K 2 CO 3. It is a white salt, which is soluble in water and forms a strongly alkaline solution. It is deliquescent, often appearing as a damp or wet solid. Potassium carbonate is mainly used in the production of soap and glass. [3]
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